Posted on No Comments on [HOW-TO] Share an OpenStack image between tenants

[HOW-TO] Share an OpenStack image between tenants

Today, I had to test an upgrade for software that comes in the form of an image. I wanted to do it in a test tenant, but the image was in the “prod” tenant. Of course, one could simply upload the image to another tenant, but there’s a better way – image sharing between tenants.

The concept is nothing new except that with OpenStack, there are a couple of quirks. It’s not so much sharing the image with another tenant, but adding the tenant to the image as a member.

So without further ado, let’s see how easy it is to accomplish this.

0) Set some environment variables to make our lives easier. “image_ID” is the image we want to share, “project_name” is the project (or tenant) we want to share the image with and “tenant_ID” is, well, the ID of the tenant that we want to have the image in.

export image_ID=1234-567-89012-34567-890123
export project_name=dev_tenant
export tenant_ID=a1b2c3d4e4

1) As mentioned before, we need to add the project ID as a member of the image:

openstack image add project $image_ID $project_name

2) Sharing is not enough. We also need to accept the share from the target tenant:

OS_TENANT_ID=$tenant_ID glance member-update $image_ID $tenant_ID accepted

3) Last but not least, confirm the image was indeed shared (accepted):

OS_TENANT_ID=$tenant_ID openstack image show $image_ID

So, how about un-sharing? Easy as pie, it’s as simple as removing the project from the image:

openstack image remove project $image_ID $project_name

Posted on No Comments on [Quick fix] OpenStack Compute (nova) instance could not be found

[Quick fix] OpenStack Compute (nova) instance could not be found

Sometimes in the life of a cloud admin, we run across issues that seem quite daunting at first, but come out as trivial in the end. This was exactly the case when I had to migrate a few instances some while back.

Nova (openstack compute) reported all the instances in ERROR state. On a closer look with:

nova list --all-t --host $hypervisor

or with the openstack client:

openstack server list --all-projects --host $hypervisor

they were indeed down.

The logs showed a python traceroute ending with:

InstanceNotFound: Instance instance-00000084 could not be found.

The instance files were present on disk, the permissions looked fine, the directory structure was fine, SElinux looked good, qemu reported a healthy disk image when querying it; it’s as if nova was in the twilight zone.

Turns out the fix was trivial. By simply hard rebooting the instance or setting the state to active and then normally rebooting it, nova would magically find the instance on disk and happily power it on. Below, the 2 options:

nova reboot --hard $instance_id

or:

nova reset-state --active $instance_id
nova reboot $instance_id

Such a simple fix for what first appeared to be such a daunting task.

Posted on No Comments on How to deploy a k8s cluster on VmWare ESX

How to deploy a k8s cluster on VmWare ESX

k8s, vmware, ansible, metalLB, prometheus, grafana, alertmanager, metrics-server, harbor, clair, notary

If you’re short on resources in your home lab and simply can’t deploy an OpenStack private cloud to play around with, this tutorial will walk you through setting up a highly-available k8s cluster on VMware ESX vms. The principles used to deploy them very much resemble those used to deploy OpenStack instances so you’ll be able to quickly and effectively walk through the very first step in this tutorial.

The k8s cluster we’ll be deploying will have 3x master and 3x worker nodes and will use metalLB for bare-metal load balancing, prometheus, grafana and alertmanager for monitoring, metrics and reporting and harbor with clair and notary for image repository, signing and scanning.

We will be:

  • checking out and customising ansible-deploy-vmware-vm
  • creating vms from templates
  • setting up:
    • the k8s cluster via kubespray
    • metalLB
    • prometheus, grafana and alertmanager
    • metrics-server
    • harbor
    • notary and clair

What we won’t be doing is:

  • setting up VMwareESX (see here)
  • creating a VMware template (see here)

INFO: the VMware templates were made after an Ubuntu 18.04 vm.


STEP 1 — deploy multiple VMWare virtual machines from a template

Deploy the vm’s via Ansible. First and foremost, checkout ansible-deploy-vmware-vm and cd to it.

git clone https://github.com/cloudmaniac/ansible-deploy-vmware-vm.git
cd ansible-deploy-vmware-vm

Second, we need to tell ansible how to connect to our VMware ESX cluster. Edit or create the answerfile.yml and fill in the self explanatory blanks:

 Infrastructure
# - Defines the vCenter / vSphere environment
deploy_vsphere_host: '<vsphere_ip>'
deploy_vsphere_user: '<username>'
deploy_vsphere_password: '<password>'
deploy_vsphere_datacenter: '<datacenter>'
deploy_vsphere_folder: ''
esxi_hostname: '<esx_hostname>'

# Guest
# - Describes virtual machine common options
guest_network: '<network_name>'
guest_netmask: '<netmask>'
guest_gateway: '<gw>'
guest_dns_server: '<dns>'
guest_domain_name: '<domain_name>'
guest_id: '<guestID>'
guest_memory: '<RAM>'
guest_vcpu: '<CPU_cores>'
guest_template: '<template_name>'

Define the vms we want to deploy. Sample vms-to-deploy:

[prod-k8s-master]
prod-k8s-master01 deploy_vsphere_datastore='ESX2' guest_custom_ip='<ip>' guest_notes='Master #1'
prod-k8s-master02 deploy_vsphere_datastore='ESX2' guest_custom_ip='<ip>' guest_notes='Master #2'
prod-k8s-master03 deploy_vsphere_datastore='ESX2' guest_custom_ip='<ip>' guest_notes='Master #3'

[prod-k8s-workers]
prod-k8s-worker01 deploy_vsphere_datastore='ESX2' guest_custom_ip='<ip>' guest_notes='Worker #01'
prod-k8s-worker02 deploy_vsphere_datastore='ESX2' guest_custom_ip='<ip>' guest_notes='Worker #02'
prod-k8s-worker03 deploy_vsphere_datastore='ESX2' guest_custom_ip='<ip>' guest_notes='Worker #03'

[prod-k8s-harbor]
prod-k8s-harbor01 deploy_vsphere_datastore='ESX2' guest_custom_ip='<ip>' guest_notes='Harbor #01'

Define the playbook. Sample deploy-k8s-vms-prod.yml:

---
- hosts: all
  gather_facts: false
  vars_files:
    - answerfile.yml
  roles:
     - deploy-vsphere-template

Let’s deploy the vms:

ansible-playbook -vv -i vms-to-deploy deploy-k8s-vms-prod.yml


STEP 2

Deploy the k8s cluster on top of the created vms.

sudo pip install -r requirements.txt

# copy the sample inventory
cp -rfp inventory/sample inventory/mycluster

# declare all the k8s cluster IPs (masters and workers only)
declare -a IPS=(x.x.x.x y.y.y.y z.z.z.z)
# see below samples before running this cmd
CONFIG_FILE=inventory/mycluster/hosts-prod.yml python3 contrib/inventory_builder/inventory.py ${IPS[@]}

sample hosts-prod.yaml:

all:
  hosts:
    prod-k8s-master01:
      ansible_host: <ip>
      ip: <ip>
      access_ip: <ip>
    prod-k8s-master02:
      ansible_host: <ip>
      ip: <ip>
      access_ip: <ip>
    prod-k8s-master03:
      ansible_host: <ip>
      ip: <ip>
      access_ip: <ip>
    prod-k8s-worker01:
      ansible_host: <ip>
      ip: <ip>
      access_ip: <ip>
    prod-k8s-worker02:
      ansible_host: <ip>
      ip: <ip>
      access_ip: <ip>
    prod-k8s-worker03:
      ansible_host: <ip>
      ip: <ip>
      access_ip: <ip>
  children:
    kube-master:
      hosts:
        prod-k8s-master01:
        prod-k8s-master02:
        prod-k8s-master03:
    kube-node:
      hosts:
        prod-k8s-worker01:
        prod-k8s-worker02:
        prod-k8s-worker03:
    etcd:
      hosts:
        prod-k8s-master01:
        prod-k8s-master02:
        prod-k8s-master03:
    k8s-cluster:
      children:
        kube-master:
        kube-node:
    calico-rr:
      hosts: {}

sample inventory.ini (make sure the inventory file contains the vm’s proper name (ie. the ones defined under “ansible-deploy-vmware-vm/vms-to-deploy”))

# ## Configure 'ip' variable to bind kubernetes services on a
# ## different ip than the default iface
# ## We should set etcd_member_name for etcd cluster. The node that is not a etcd member do not need to set the value, or can set the empty string value.
[all]
# node1 ansible_host=95.54.0.12  # ip=10.3.0.1 etcd_member_name=etcd1
# node2 ansible_host=95.54.0.13  # ip=10.3.0.2 etcd_member_name=etcd2
# node3 ansible_host=95.54.0.14  # ip=10.3.0.3 etcd_member_name=etcd3
# node4 ansible_host=95.54.0.15  # ip=10.3.0.4 etcd_member_name=etcd4
# node5 ansible_host=95.54.0.16  # ip=10.3.0.5 etcd_member_name=etcd5
# node6 ansible_host=95.54.0.17  # ip=10.3.0.6 etcd_member_name=etcd6

# ## configure a bastion host if your nodes are not directly reachable
# bastion ansible_host=x.x.x.x ansible_user=some_user

[kube-master]
# node1
# node2

[etcd]
# node1
# node2
# node3

[kube-node]
# node2
# node3
# node4
# node5
# node6

[k8s-cluster:children]
kube-master
kube-node

Run the playbook to create the cluster:

ansible-playbook -vvv -i inventory/mycluster/hosts-prod.yml --become --become-user=root cluster.yml


STEP 3

MetalLB is a bare-metal load balancer for k8s that makes your current network extend into your k8s cluster.

Connect to one of the master nodes over ssh and setup your environment:

source <(kubectl completion bash) # or zsh

Deploy metalLB by performing the following on one of the master nodes:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/google/metallb/v0.8.3/manifests/metallb.yaml

MetalLB remains idle until configured. As such, we need to define an IP range the k8s cluster can use and that is outside of any DHCP pool.

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f - 
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  namespace: metallb-system
  name: config
data:
  config: |
    address-pools:
    - name: default
      protocol: layer2
      addresses:
      - <ip_range_start>-<ip_range_end>
EOF

Check the status of the pods with:

kubectl -n metallb-system get po


STEP 4

Install prometheus, grafana and alertmanager: 

git clone https://github.com/coreos/kube-prometheus.git
cd kube-prometheus
kubectl create -f manifests/setup
until kubectl get servicemonitors --all-namespaces ; do date; sleep 1; echo ""; done
kubectl create -f manifests/

# To teardown the stack:
#kubectl delete -f manifests/

In order to access the dashboards via the LoadBalancer IPs, we need to change a few service types from “ClusterIP” to “LoadBalancer”:

kubectl -n monitoring edit svc prometheus-k8s
kubectl -n monitoring edit svc grafana
kubectl -n monitoring edit svc alertmanager-main

# Get the external IP for the edited services
kubectl -n monitoring get svc

In order to access the web interface of these services, use the following ports:

– grafana -> 3000 (default usr/pass is admin/admin)
– prometheus -> 9090
– alertmanager -> 9093

STEP 5

Installing the metrics-server or how to get “kubectl top nodes” and “kubectl top pods” to work.

git clone https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/metrics-server.git
cd metrics-server
kubectl create -f deploy/1.8+/

kubectl top nodes
kubectl top pods --all-namespaces


STEP 6

Installing Harbor with clair and notary support.

ssh to your harbor vm and install docker and docker-compose:

curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo apt-key add -

sudo add-apt-repository \
   "deb [arch=amd64] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu \
   $(lsb_release -cs) \
   stable"

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y docker-ce
sudo curl -L "https://github.com/docker/compose/releases/download/1.25.3/docker-compose-$(uname -s)-$(uname -m)" -o /usr/local/bin/docker-compose
sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker-compose

# allow  users to use docker without administrator privileges
sudo usermod -aG docker $USER

Logout and login and check docker:

docker info

Time to generate SSL certificated:

# generate a certificate authority
openssl req -newkey rsa:4096 -nodes -sha256 -keyout ca.key -x509 -days 3650 -out ca.crt

# generate a certificate signing request
openssl req -newkey rsa:4096 -nodes -sha256 -keyout prod-k8s-harbor01.lab.local.key -out prod-k8s-harbor01.lab.local.csr

# Create a configuration file for the Subject Alternative Name.
vim extfile.cnf
subjectAltName = IP:<ip>

# generate the certificate
openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -in prod-k8s-harbor01.lab.local.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -extfile extfile.cnf -out prod-k8s-harbor01.lab.local.crt

# copy the certificate to /etc/ssl/certs.
sudo cp *.crt *.key /etc/ssl/certs

Download and install Harbor:

wget https://github.com/goharbor/harbor/releases/download/v1.9.4/harbor-online-installer-v1.9.4.tgz
tar xvzf harbor-online-installer-v1.9.4.tgz
cd harbor

Edit harbor.yml and change a few options:

hostname: <harbor_ip>

# http related config
http:
  port: 80
https:
  port: 443
  certificate: /etc/ssl/certs/prod-k8s-harbor01.lab.local.crt
  private_key: /etc/ssl/certs/prod-k8s-harbor01.lab.local.key
harbor_admin_password: <your_admin_pass>

Finally, install Harbor, enabling clair and notary:

sudo ./install.sh --with-notary --with-clair

Configure the docker daemon on each of your worker nodes and 

export harbor_ip=<harbor_local_ip>
declare -a IPS=(<k8s_master1> <k8s_master2> <k8s_master3>)
for i in ${IPS[@]}; do
  scp ../ca.crt $i:
  ssh $i "sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker/certs.d/$harbor_ip && \
    sudo mv ca.crt /etc/docker/certs.d/$harbor_ip/ && \
    sudo systemctl restart docker"
done

Login to a k8s master node and create a secret object for harbor:

kubectl create secret docker-registry harbor \
--docker-server=https://<harbor_ip> \
--docker-username=admin \
--docker-email=admin@claud-computing.net \
--docker-password='<your_harbor_admin_password>'

Login to the harbor web-interface and create a new repository called “private”.

To deploy images to Harbor, we need to pull them, tag them and push them. From the harbor machine (or any other that has the certificates in place as above), perform the following:

docker pull gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:1
docker tag gcr.io/kuar-demo/kuard-amd64:1 <harbor_ip>/private/kuard:v1
docker login <harbor_ip>
docker push <harbor_ip>/private/kuard:v1

Deploy the kuard app on k8s. ssh to a node where you have access to the cluster and create kuard-deployment.yaml:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: kuard-deployment
  labels:
    app: kuard
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      run: kuard
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        run: kuard
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: kuard
        image: <harbor_ip>/private/kuard:v1
      imagePullSecrets:
      - name: harbor

Apply it.

kubectl create -f kuard-deployment.yaml
kubectl get po


STEP 7

Signing docker images with Notary. Install it first:

sudo wget https://github.com/theupdateframework/notary/releases/download/v0.6.1/notary-Linux-amd64 -O /usr/local/bin/notary
sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/notary

If needed, copy the “ca.crt” to the client machine you’re working from.

Check if you can connect to the harbor server: 

openssl s_client -connect <harbor_ip>:443 -CAfile /etc/docker/certs.d/<harbor_ip>/ca.crt -no_ssl2

You should get something like this:

CONNECTED(00000005)depth=1 C = EU, ST = Example, L = Example, O = Example, OU = Example, CN = ca.example.local, emailAddress = root@ca.example.localverify return:1depth=0 C = EU, ST = Example, O = Example, CN = notary-server.example.localverify return:1---Certificate chain0 s:/C=EU/ST=Example/O=Example/CN=notary-server.example.locali:/C=EU/ST=Example/L=Example/O=Example/OU=Example/CN=ca.example.local/emailAddress=root@ca.example.local

Now pull an image from docker hub and tag it but don’t push it just yet.

docker pull nginx:latest
docker tag nginx:latest <harbor_ip>/private/nginx:latest

Let’s enable the Docker Content Trust and then push the image. Please note that when first pushing a signed image, you will be asked to create a password.

export DOCKER_CONTENT_TRUST_SERVER=https://<harbor_ip>:4443 DOCKER_CONTENT_TRUST=1
docker login <harbor_ip>
docker push <harbor_ip>/private/nginx:latest
unset DOCKER_CONTENT_TRUST_SERVER DOCKER_CONTENT_TRUST

Ok, so now the Docker image is pushed in our Registry server and it is signed by the Notary server. We can verify 

notary --tlscacert ca.crt -s https://<harbor_ip>:4443 -d ~/.docker/trust list <harbor_ip>/private/nginx

Test that you can pull from docker hub and harbor:

docker pull nginx
docker pull <harbor_ip>/private/nginx:1.16.0

For using a completely private repository, leave the “DOCKER_CONTENT_TRUST_SERVER” and the “DOCKER_CONTENT_TRUST” environment variables set, on all the k8s cluster machines.

STEP 8

Clair is an open source project for the static analysis of vulnerabilities in application containers. To enable it go to the Harbor web-interface and click on “vulnerability” -> “edit” and select the scan frequency. Save and also click “scan now” if it’s your first time doing this.